Assertion (A): Negative values of incremental operator in DO loop are allowed in Fortran 77 but not in earlier versions of Fortran.

Reason (R): Fortran 77 has better array facilities than earlier versions of Fortran.

1. The effect of feedback is to reduce system error
2. Feedback increases the system gain at one frequency but reduces the system gain as another frequency
3. Feedback can cause an originally stable system to become unstable

1. All types of negative feedback reduce non-linear distortion.
2. All types of negative feedback reduce the output offset voltage.
3. Non-inverting (current and voltage) feedback increases the input impedance.
4. Inverting (current and voltage) feedback decreases input impedance.

1. A file is a data structure which consists of a sequence of components of the same type.
2. The number of components in a file is variable.
3. The components in a file can be accessed only sequentially starting from the beginning of the file.

Assertion (A): 2's complement arithmetic is preferred in digital computers

Reason (R): The hardware required to obtain 2's complement is simple.

1. The sign of a floating point number depends on the sign of mantissa only.
2. If the absolute value of a number is less than 1, the sign of exponent is zero or positive.
3. With sign bit of mantissa as 0, increasing the exponent from a positive to a more positive value gives a larger floating point number.