Assertion (A): A fully controlled bridge converter can operate in first and fourth quadrant.

Reason (R): A semi converter is cheaper than a full converter.

1. A small size hydraulic actuator can develop good torque.
2. It is easy to maintain a hydraulic system leak proof.
3. Both linear and rotatary hydraulic actuators are available.
4. Hydraulic power is more easily available than electric power.

1. Addition of a non-zero pole to a transfer function results in further rotation of polar plot through an angle of - 90° as ω → ∞
2. Addition of a pole at the origin to a transfer function rotates the polar plot at zero and infinite frequencies by a further angle of - 90°

Assertion (A): In reverse biased p-n junction, the reverse saturation current is nearly constant if the reverse voltage is less than critical value.

Reason (R): The total reverse current is sum of reverse saturation current and surface leakage current.

1. EEPROM has the problem of high write time.
2. EEPROM has the problem of limited number of write cycles.
3. Shadow RAM has the problem of high write time.